Perfect Engines
Lord Kelvin describes two properties necessary for a perfect engine.
Summary:
1) Heat consumption must be done only by conversion to mechanical motion (work), and not by diffusion.
2) When Work is applied to the machine in reverse, and equal amount of heat is created.
"Reflections" pg 138-139 Lord Kelvin,
chapter
THOMSON ON CARNOT'S
(paragraph) 12. A perfect thermodynamic engine of any
kind is a machine by means of which the greatest
possible amount of mechanical effect can be obtained
from a given thermal agency; and, therefore, if in
any manner we can construct or imagine a perfect
engine which may be applied for the transference
of a given quantity of heat from a body at any
given temperature to another body at a lower given
temperature, and if we can evaluate the mechanical
effect thus obtained, we shall be able to answer
the question at present under consideration, and
so to complete the theory of the motive power
of heat. But whatever kind of engine we may
consider with this view, it will be necessary for us
to prove that it is a perfect engine; since the
transference of the heat from one body to the other
may be wholly, or partially, effected by conduction
through a solid,* without the development of
mechanical effect; and, consequently, engines may
be constructed in which the whole or any portion
of the thermal agency is wasted. Hence it is of
primary importance to discover the criterion of a
perfect engine. This has been done by Carnot, who
proves the following proposition :
(page 139 paragraph) 13.
A perfect thermodynamic engine is such
that, whatever amount of mechanical effect it can
derive from a certain thermal agency, if an equal
amount be spent in working it backwards,an equal
reverse thermal effect will be produced.
(paragraph) 14. This proposition will be made clearer by the
applications of it which are given later ( 29), in
the cases of the air-engine and the steam-engine,
than it could be by any general explanation ; and it
will also appear, from the nature of the operations
described in those cases, and the principles of
Carnot's reasoning, that a perfect engine may be
constructed with any substance of an indestructible
texture as the alternately expanding and contracting
medium. Thus we might conceive thermodynamic
engines founded upon the expansions and
contractions of a perfectly elastic solid, or of a
liquid; or upon the alterations of volume experi-
enced by substances in passing from the liquid to
the solid state, each of which being perfect, would
produce the same amount of mechanical effect from
a given thermal agency ; but there are two cases
which Carnot has selected as most worthy of minute
attention, because of their peculiar appropriateness
for illustrating the general principles of his theory,
no less than on account of their very great practical
importance: the steam-engine, in which the
substance employed as the transferring medium is
water, alternately in the liquid state and in the
state of vapor ; and the air-engine, in which the
transference is effected by means of the alternate
expansions and contractions of a medium always
in the gaseous state. The details of an actually
practicable engine of either kind are not contemplated
by Carnot in his general theoretical reasonings,
but he confines himself to the ideal construction,
in the simplest possible way in each case,
of an engine in which the economy is perfect. He
thus determines the degree of perfectibility which
cannot be surpassed ; and by describing a conceivable
method of attaining to this perfection by an
air-engine or a steam-engine, he points out the
proper objects to be kept in view in the practical
construction and working of such machines. I now
proceed to give an outline of these investigations.
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Modern Times have Missed the point mightily
The spelled out property of reversibility is "strict reversibility" specifically when work is done on the machine, and equal amount of heat is produced. This speaks of the mechanical effect by and on the expanding medium. This exact equivalence is a property of vapor, and so of all vapor engines.
Carnot and Kelvin both state many times and many ways this is a property of both steam engines and air engines. Not just Carnot Cycle Cylinders. How this over the past hundreds of years came to be associated with the "Carnot cycle" as being unique or different from other engine cycles is a mystery. The giants of Thermodynamics and Heat engines spelled it out, and we missed the point.
At one point, Lord Kelvin states the properties and calculations are "applicable to any conceivable kind of thermodynamic
engine."
The other property must also be met. A "perfect" engine must not lose its heat based on diffusion (including exhaust heat, which is eventually diffused). This is the property of Enclosability. An Enclosable heat engine, will not increase the heat of its pressure envelope, in a steady state even if operated in a finite pressure envelope.
In fairness, Carnot and Kelvin's work was written presuming there is heat left to drain out after work has been done. So the premise of a perfect engine would not be that it drained no heat, but that it drained the heat at the temperature of the "cold source". So that the heat had already "fallen" all it could.
This is equivalent to statement: For either heat model. In a perfect engine, no temperature drop occurs except for in creation of work. This is equivalent to not dispersing any heat at a temperature above the Pressure Envelopes ambient temperature, or in the waterfall model, the "drained" heat must be at the same temperature as the cold source. It is the latter that Lord kelvin describes in his version of the Carnot Cycle using both steam and air. However, both Kelvin and Carnot fail to recognize the limit the pressure envelope creates, that the lower temperature may be unreachable, unless negative work is done to force expansion of the volume past the point that pressures are equalized. Their model was an equal amount of heat left the hot source, and "fell" to the cold source. Had they realized if the air or steam reaches the ambient temperature of the cold source, that NO heat is dispersed, history might have been different.
So the premise in "Reflections" of the concept of "materiality of Heat" implies the necessity of a "heat drain" or cold source, begins the chain of mistakes in analyzing the behavior and limits of heat energy conversion.
"Reflections" page 11 editors note, on materiality of heat,
chapter THE WORK OF SADI CARNOT
Carnot was the first to declare that the maximum
of work done by heat, in any given case of application
of the heat-energy, is determined solely by
the range of temperature through which it fell in
the operation, and is entirely independent of the
nature of the working substance chosen as the
medium of transfer of energy and the vehicle of
the heat. His assumption of the materiality of
heat led, logically, to the conclusion that the
same quantity of heat was finally stored in the
refrigerator as had, initially, left the furnace, and
that the effect produced was a consequence of a fall
of temperature analogous to a fall of water; but,
aside from this error which he himself was evi-
dently inclined to regard as such, his process and
argument are perfectly correct.
Both Kelvin and Carnot's description of the Carnot Cycle acknowledge that heat is leaving the system during the "cold" compression cycle. Consequently, the Carnot cycle fails the enclosability test, which is the first and most difficult criteria of not dissipating any of the heat which fuels (not moves) the engine.
"Reflections" pg 56-57, Sadi Carnot on maximum efficiency of operation
chapter MOTIVE POWER OF HEAT.
Since every re-establishment of equilibrium in
the caloric may be the cause of the production of
motive power, every re-establishment of equilibrium
which shall be accomplished without production of
this power should be considered as an actual loss.
Now, very little reflection would show that all
change of temperature which is not due to a change
of volume of the bodies can be only a useless reestablishment
of equilibrium in the caloric.* The
necessary condition of the maximum is, then, that
in the bodies employed to realize the motive power
of heat there should not occur any change of temperature
which may not be due to a change of
volume.
page 161 Lord Kelvin, The same calculations apply to real air engines
(paragraph) 28... Regnault's very accurate experiments show that
the deviations are insensible, or very nearly so, for
the ordinary gases at ordinary pressures ; although
they may be considerable for a medium, such as
sulphurous acid, or carbonic acid under high pressure,
which approaches the physical condition of a
vapor at saturation ; and therefore, in general, and
especially in practical applications to real air-engines,<<<
it will be unnecessary to make any modification in
the expressions.
(paragraph) 29.* Either the steam-engine or the air-engine,
according to the arrangements described above,
gives all the mechanical effect that can possibly be
obtained from the thermal agency employed.
(footnote) *
This paragraph is the demonstration, referred to above,
of the proposition stated in 13, as it is readily seen that
it is applicable to any conceivable kind of thermodynamic
engine.
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