What makes a perfect heat engine?

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What did the Historical Giants of Heat Engines say?


Perfect Engines

Lord Kelvin describes two properties necessary for a perfect engine.

Summary:

1) Heat consumption must be done only by conversion to mechanical motion (work), and not by diffusion.

2) When Work is applied to the machine in reverse, and equal amount of heat is created.

"Reflections" pg 138-139 Lord Kelvin,
chapter THOMSON ON CARNOT'S

(paragraph) 12. A perfect thermodynamic engine of any
  kind is a machine by means of which the greatest
  possible amount of mechanical effect can be obtained
  from a given thermal agency; and, therefore, if in
  any manner we can construct or imagine a perfect
  engine which may be applied for the transference
  of a given quantity of heat from a body at any
  given temperature to another body at a lower given
  temperature, and if we can evaluate the mechanical
  effect thus obtained, we shall be able to answer
  the question at present under consideration, and
  so to complete the theory of the motive power
  of heat. But whatever kind of engine we may
  consider with this view, it will be necessary for us
  to prove that it is a perfect engine; since the
  transference of the heat from one body to the other
  may be wholly, or partially, effected by conduction
  through a solid,* without the development of
  mechanical effect; and, consequently, engines may
  be constructed in which the whole or any portion
  of the thermal agency is wasted. Hence it is of
  primary importance to discover the criterion of a
  perfect engine. This has been done by Carnot, who
  proves the following proposition :
(page 139 paragraph) 13.
  A perfect thermodynamic engine is such
  that, whatever amount of mechanical effect it can
  derive from a certain thermal agency, if an equal
  amount be spent in working it backwards,an equal
  reverse thermal effect will be produced.
(paragraph) 14. This proposition will be made clearer by the
  applications of it which are given later ( 29), in
  the cases of the air-engine and the steam-engine,
  than it could be by any general explanation ; and it
  will also appear, from the nature of the operations
  described in those cases, and the principles of
  Carnot's reasoning, that a perfect engine may be
  constructed with any substance of an indestructible
  texture as the alternately expanding and contracting
  medium. Thus we might conceive thermodynamic
  engines founded upon the expansions and
  contractions of a perfectly elastic solid, or of a
  liquid; or upon the alterations of volume experi-
  enced by substances in passing from the liquid to
  the solid state,  each of which being perfect, would
  produce the same amount of mechanical effect from
  a given thermal agency ; but there are two cases
  which Carnot has selected as most worthy of minute
  attention, because of their peculiar appropriateness
  for illustrating the general principles of his theory,
  no less than on account of their very great practical
  importance: the steam-engine, in which the
  substance employed as the transferring medium is
  water, alternately in the liquid state and in the
  state of vapor ; and the air-engine, in which the
  transference is effected by means of the alternate
  expansions and contractions of a medium always
  in the gaseous state. The details of an actually
  practicable engine of either kind are not contemplated
  by Carnot in his general theoretical reasonings,
  but he confines himself to the ideal construction,
  in the simplest possible way in each case,
  of an engine in which the economy is perfect. He
  thus determines the degree of perfectibility which
  cannot be surpassed ; and by describing a conceivable
  method of attaining to this perfection by an
  air-engine or a steam-engine, he points out the
  proper objects to be kept in view in the practical
  construction and working of such machines. I now
  proceed to give an outline of these investigations.

Modern Times have Missed the point mightily

The spelled out property of reversibility is "strict reversibility" specifically when work is done on the machine, and equal amount of heat is produced. This speaks of the mechanical effect by and on the expanding medium. This exact equivalence is a property of vapor, and so of all vapor engines.

Carnot and Kelvin both state many times and many ways this is a property of both steam engines and air engines. Not just Carnot Cycle Cylinders. How this over the past hundreds of years came to be associated with the "Carnot cycle" as being unique or different from other engine cycles is a mystery. The giants of Thermodynamics and Heat engines spelled it out, and we missed the point. At one point, Lord Kelvin states the properties and calculations are "applicable to any conceivable kind of thermodynamic engine."

The other property must also be met. A "perfect" engine must not lose its heat based on diffusion (including exhaust heat, which is eventually diffused). This is the property of Enclosability. An Enclosable heat engine, will not increase the heat of its pressure envelope, in a steady state even if operated in a finite pressure envelope.

In fairness, Carnot and Kelvin's work was written presuming there is heat left to drain out after work has been done. So the premise of a perfect engine would not be that it drained no heat, but that it drained the heat at the temperature of the "cold source". So that the heat had already "fallen" all it could.

This is equivalent to statement: For either heat model. In a perfect engine, no temperature drop occurs except for in creation of work. This is equivalent to not dispersing any heat at a temperature above the Pressure Envelopes ambient temperature, or in the waterfall model, the "drained" heat must be at the same temperature as the cold source. It is the latter that Lord kelvin describes in his version of the Carnot Cycle using both steam and air. However, both Kelvin and Carnot fail to recognize the limit the pressure envelope creates, that the lower temperature may be unreachable, unless negative work is done to force expansion of the volume past the point that pressures are equalized. Their model was an equal amount of heat left the hot source, and "fell" to the cold source. Had they realized if the air or steam reaches the ambient temperature of the cold source, that NO heat is dispersed, history might have been different.

So the premise in "Reflections" of the concept of "materiality of Heat" implies the necessity of a "heat drain" or cold source, begins the chain of mistakes in analyzing the behavior and limits of heat energy conversion.

"Reflections" page 11 editors note, on materiality of heat, 
chapter THE WORK OF SADI CARNOT
  Carnot was the first to declare that the maximum
  of work done by heat, in any given case of application
  of the heat-energy, is determined solely by
  the range of temperature through which it fell in
  the operation, and is entirely independent of the
  nature of the working substance chosen as the
  medium of transfer of energy and the vehicle of
  the heat. His assumption of the materiality of
  heat led, logically, to the conclusion that the
  same quantity of heat was finally stored in the
  refrigerator as had, initially, left the furnace, and
  that the effect produced was a consequence of a fall
  of temperature analogous to a fall of water; but,
  aside from this error which he himself was evi-
  dently inclined to regard as such, his process and
  argument are perfectly correct.

Both Kelvin and Carnot's description of the Carnot Cycle acknowledge that heat is leaving the system during the "cold" compression cycle. Consequently, the Carnot cycle fails the enclosability test, which is the first and most difficult criteria of not dissipating any of the heat which fuels (not moves) the engine.

"Reflections" pg 56-57, Sadi Carnot on maximum efficiency of operation
chapter MOTIVE POWER OF HEAT.

  Since every re-establishment of equilibrium in
  the caloric may be the cause of the production of
  motive power, every re-establishment of equilibrium
  which shall be accomplished without production of
  this power should be considered as an actual loss.
  Now, very little reflection would show that all
  change of temperature which is not due to a change
  of volume of the bodies can be only a useless reestablishment
  of equilibrium in the caloric.* The
  necessary condition of the maximum is, then, that
  in the bodies employed to realize the motive power
  of heat there should not occur any change of temperature
  which may not be due to a change of
  volume.

page 161 Lord Kelvin, The same calculations apply to real air engines

(paragraph) 28...
Regnault's very accurate experiments show that the deviations are insensible, or very nearly so, for the ordinary gases at ordinary pressures ; although they may be considerable for a medium, such as sulphurous acid, or carbonic acid under high pressure, which approaches the physical condition of a vapor at saturation ; and therefore, in general, and especially in practical applications to real air-engines,<<< it will be unnecessary to make any modification in the expressions.
(paragraph) 29.* Either the steam-engine or the air-engine,
  according to the arrangements described above,
  gives all the mechanical effect that can possibly be
  obtained from the thermal agency employed. 
  
  (footnote) *
  This paragraph is the demonstration, referred to above,
  of the proposition stated in 13, as it is readily seen that
  it is applicable to any conceivable kind of thermodynamic
  engine.